The National Endowment for the Arts selected WolfBrown to prepare a research monograph on the results of the 2008 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts (SPPA). The resulting publication, NEA Research Report #54, Beyond Attendance: A Multi-Modal Understanding of Arts Participation, explores the breadth of participation within and between three primary categories, or “modes,” of arts activities: arts attendance, personal arts creation and performance, and arts participation through electronic media. Additionally, the monograph offers context for understanding arts participation, suggests that a more expansive framework for the cultural ecology is needed, and discusses implications of the SPPA data and other trends for practice, policy, and future research.